Ecological fitness cost associated with the AHAS Trp574Leu mutation in feral <i>Raphanus sativus</i>

Gene mutations endowing herbicide resistance may have negative pleiotropic effects on plant fitness. Quantifying these is critical for predicting the evolution of and developing management strategies herbicide-resistant weeds. This study reports acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) Trp574Leu mutation throughout life cycle feral radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Resistant susceptible phenotypes responded differently to light water treatments in relation germination emergence. Under exposure, resistant phenotype showed higher emergence, but no differences were found seed dormancy, darkness emergence from buried seeds or pods. The delayed reduced seedling relative under rainfed conditions, between not detected irrigated soil. similar growth rates vegetative biomass. However, wheat competition, plants had 36%–46% less total above-ground biomass, 26%–47% per 36%–53% yield than ones, more evident at density. provides a better understanding ecological fitness cost associated with AHAS R. sativus. costs could reduce frequency allele areas untreated AHAS-inhibiting herbicides. Our results suggest that incorporating non-AHAS herbicidal approaches into integrated weed-management programmes maintaining fence lines fields margin as refuges an opportunity minimize reverse evolution.